Underpinning can transfer foundation loads to stronger soil.
Temporary support may be required during repair work.
④ 精听｜12分钟
句子1
第一句
Engineers may underpin an existing foundation to transfer loads to stronger soil.
慢速:
常速:
句子2
第二句
Temporary support may be required while repair work is carried out.
慢速:
常速:
第一遍：默认语速
只抓关键词。
句子1
engineers / underpin / foundation / loads / soil
句子2
temporary support / required / repair work
第二遍：-15%
重点听：
may underpin
an existing foundation
to transfer loads
to stronger soil
may be required
while repair work is carried out
第三遍：默认语速
句子1
主干：
Engineers underpin foundations.
加细节：
Engineers underpin an existing foundation.
完整：
Engineers may underpin an existing foundation to transfer loads to stronger soil.
句子2
主干：
Support may be required.
加细节：
Temporary support may be required.
完整：
Temporary support may be required while repair work is carried out.
⑤ 句子主干训练｜10分钟
先自己完成，不看答案。
练习1
Engineers investigate the cause of foundation movement before selecting a repair method.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
修饰宾语：
时间补充：
练习2
Foundation underpinning can transfer structural loads to deeper soil.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
方向补充：
练习3
The condition of the existing foundation must be assessed carefully.
填写：
完整主语：
主语中心词：
修饰主语：
谓语：
方式补充：
主动还是被动：
练习4
Temporary supports protect the structure during repair work.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
时间补充：
练习5：长句
If continued settlement has damaged the existing foundation, engineers may design an underpinning system to transfer the loads to stronger ground.
填写：
If从句主语：
If从句谓语：
If从句宾语：
主句主语：
主句谓语：
主句宾语：
目的补充：
主句主干：
整句逻辑：
参考答案
参考答案
1
主语：Engineers
谓语：investigate
宾语：the cause
修饰宾语：of foundation movement
时间补充：before selecting a repair method
主干：
Engineers investigate the cause.
2
主语：Foundation underpinning
谓语：can transfer
宾语：structural loads
方向补充：to deeper soil
主干：
Underpinning can transfer loads.
3
完整主语：The condition of the existing foundation
主语中心词：condition
修饰主语：of the existing foundation
谓语：must be assessed
方式补充：carefully
被动语态
主干：
The condition must be assessed.
4
主语：Temporary supports
谓语：protect
宾语：the structure
时间补充：during repair work
主干：
Supports protect the structure.
5
If从句：
主语：continued settlement
谓语：has damaged
宾语：the existing foundation
主句：
主语：engineers
谓语：may design
宾语：an underpinning system
目的补充：to transfer the loads to stronger ground
主句主干：
Engineers may design an underpinning system.
整句逻辑：
settlement damages foundation → engineers design underpinning → loads are transferred to stronger ground
⑥ Grammar｜现在完成时与一般过去时
今天开始对比：
has/have done 和 did
现在完成时
过去发生的事情与现在仍有关联。
Settlement has damaged the foundation.
意思：
沉降已经损坏了基础，现在基础仍处于受损状态。
一般过去时
强调过去某个明确时间发生的事情。
Settlement damaged the foundation during construction.
意思：
沉降在施工期间损坏了基础。
判断方法
有明确过去时间
使用一般过去时：
yesterday
last year
during construction
in 2024
two months ago
Engineers inspected the foundation last week.
没有明确过去时间，强调现在结果
使用现在完成时：
Engineers have identified the cause.
今日练习
选择正确答案。
Engineers have inspected / inspected the foundation last week.
Settlement has damaged / damaged the wall, and the crack is still visible.
The contractor repaired / has repaired the drain in June.
Engineers have completed / completed the investigation, so they can now select a repair method.
The building has remained / remained stable since the repair.
The foundation failed / has failed during construction in 2023.
参考答案
参考答案
inspected 有 last week。
has damaged 强调现在仍有裂缝。
repaired 有明确过去时间 in June。
have completed 强调现在已经具备选择修复方法的条件。
has remained since the repair，状态持续到现在。
failed 有明确过去时间 in 2023。
今日口诀
明确过去时间 → did 过去发生、现在有结果 → have/has done
⑦ 主动与被动判断｜6分钟
判断并改错。
Engineers assess the existing foundation.
Temporary supports may be required during repair work.
Foundation loads can transfer to deeper soil.
Engineers may design an underpinning system.
The damaged foundation should repair before construction continues.
参考答案
参考答案
正确
正确
Foundation loads can be transferred to deeper soil.
正确
The damaged foundation should be repaired before construction continues.
⑧ 今日阅读｜25分钟
Foundation Repair and Underpinning
Foundation repair should begin with an investigation of the cause of movement or damage. Repairing visible cracks without addressing the underlying cause may provide only a temporary solution.
Underpinning is used to strengthen or stabilise an existing foundation. It may be required when the original foundation has insufficient capacity, when supporting soil has weakened, or when additional building loads are introduced.
An underpinning system transfers foundation loads to stronger soil or rock at a greater depth. Common methods may include concrete underpinning, mini-piles, steel supports, or a combination of these systems.
Repair work should be planned carefully because changes to the foundation may temporarily affect the stability of the structure. Engineers may specify temporary supports, a staged construction sequence, monitoring requirements, and inspection procedures.
⑨ 段落概括｜8分钟
第一段
基础修复前必须调查位移或损伤的根本原因。
关键词：
investigate / cause / temporary solution
第二段
托换用于加固或稳定既有基础。
关键词：
underpinning / strengthen / existing foundation
第三段
托换系统把基础荷载传到更深、更强的土层或岩层。
关键词：
transfer / loads / stronger ground
第四段
修复过程需要临时支撑、分阶段施工和监测检查。
关键词：
temporary supports / staged construction / monitoring
今日目标：
不看文章说出至少2个段意。
⑩ 今日长难句解析
原句：
Underpinning may be required when the existing foundation has insufficient capacity or when the supporting soil has weakened.
主句
主语：Underpinning
谓语：may be required
这是被动结构：
可能需要采用托换加固
第一个when从句
when the existing foundation has insufficient capacity
主语：the existing foundation
谓语：has
宾语：insufficient capacity
第二个when从句
when the supporting soil has weakened
主语：the supporting soil
谓语：has weakened
这里 has weakened 是现在完成时：
已经变弱，并对目前基础状态产生影响
最短主干
Underpinning may be required.
自然翻译
当既有基础承载能力不足，或支承土体已经弱化时，可能需要进行基础托换加固。
⑪ 阅读题 Part A
Q1
Why may repairing visible cracks provide only a temporary solution?
Q2
When may underpinning be required?
Q3
Where does an underpinning system transfer foundation loads?
Q4
What may engineers specify during foundation repair?
⑫ Rewrite｜2句
1
原句：
Engineers investigate the cause of foundation movement.
提示：
The cause of foundation movement is…
2
原句：
An underpinning system transfers foundation loads to stronger soil.
提示：
Foundation loads are…
参考答案
参考答案
The cause of foundation movement is investigated by engineers.
Foundation loads are transferred to stronger soil by an underpinning system.
⑬ Writing｜12分钟
任务一：纠错
Engineers can investigate foundation movement.
The existing foundation should assess carefully.
Underpinning may strengthen the foundation.
Foundation loads can be transferred to deeper soil.
Engineers may be specify temporary supports.
参考答案
参考答案
正确
The existing foundation should be assessed carefully.
正确
正确
Engineers may specify temporary supports.
任务二：because
完成：
Engineers investigate the cause of movement because ______.
参考
参考：
Engineers investigate the cause of movement because repairing visible cracks alone may provide only a temporary solution.
任务三：if
合并：
The supporting soil has weakened. Underpinning may be required.
参考
参考：
If the supporting soil has weakened, underpinning may be required.
⑭ Shadowing｜20分钟
Engineers investigate the cause of foundation movement. Underpinning can strengthen an existing foundation. Foundation loads are transferred to stronger ground. Temporary supports may be required during repair work.
意群
Engineers investigate / the cause / of foundation movement.
Underpinning can strengthen / an existing foundation.
Foundation loads / are transferred / to stronger ground.
Temporary supports / may be required / during repair work.
三级复述
1
关键词：
engineers / investigate / cause
主干：
Engineers investigate the cause.
完整：
Engineers investigate the cause of foundation movement.
2
关键词：
underpinning / strengthen
主干：
Underpinning strengthens foundations.
完整：
Underpinning can strengthen an existing foundation.
3
关键词：
loads / transferred / ground
主干：
Loads are transferred.
完整：
Foundation loads are transferred to stronger ground.
4
关键词：
supports / required / repair
主干：
Supports may be required.
完整：
Temporary supports may be required during repair work.
今日要求：
主干4/4；
完整句至少2/4；
加细节复述至少2句。
⑮ RA｜8分钟
Foundation repair should address the underlying cause of movement or damage. Underpinning can strengthen an existing foundation and transfer loads to stronger ground. Temporary support and careful monitoring may be required during construction.
重点词：
foundation
underlying
underpinning
strengthen
transfer
temporary
monitoring
默认语速录音一次，不重来。
⑯ RS｜6句
第一句
Engineers investigate foundation movement.
慢速：
常速：
第二句
Underpinning strengthens existing foundations.
慢速：
常速：
第三句
Loads are transferred to stronger soil.
慢速：
常速：
第四句
Temporary supports protect the structure.
慢速：
常速：
第五句
Repair work requires careful planning.
慢速：
常速：
第六句
Engineers monitor movement during construction.
慢速：
常速：
最短主干
Engineers investigate movement.
Underpinning strengthens foundations.
Loads are transferred.
Supports protect structures.
Repair requires planning.
Engineers monitor movement.
今日目标
关键词：4/6；
主干：4/6；
基本完整：3—4/6；
学习后：6/6。
⑰ Speaking｜15分钟
1
关键词：
engineers / cause
主干：
Engineers investigate the cause.
完整：
Engineers investigate the cause of foundation movement.
2
关键词：
underpinning / foundation
主干：
Underpinning strengthens foundations.
完整：
Underpinning can strengthen an existing foundation.
3
关键词：
loads / stronger soil
主干：
Loads are transferred.
完整：
Foundation loads are transferred to stronger soil.
4
关键词：
temporary support / repair
主干：
Temporary support may be required.
完整：
Temporary support may be required during foundation repair.
今日目标：
主干4/4；
完整句至少2/4。
⑱ 今日工程词汇筛选
今天只主动激活5个语块。
1. foundation underpinning
中文
基础托换；基础托换加固
工程含义
在既有基础下方增设新的支承体系，将荷载传至更深或更强的持力层。
词形
underpin：动词原形，托换、从下方支承
underpinning：名词或修饰语，托换、托换加固
常用搭配
foundation underpinning：基础托换
underpin an existing foundation：托换既有基础
underpinning system：托换体系
underpinning work：托换工程
concrete underpinning：混凝土托换
例句
Foundation underpinning can transfer loads to stronger ground. 基础托换可以把荷载传到更坚固的地基。
2. underlying cause
中文
根本原因；潜在原因
常用搭配
underlying cause：根本原因
identify the underlying cause：查明根本原因
address the underlying cause：处理根本原因
cause of movement：位移原因
cause of damage：损伤原因
例句
Engineers should identify the underlying cause before repair. 工程师应在修复前查明根本原因。
3. existing foundation
中文
既有基础；现有基础
常用搭配
existing foundation：既有基础
assess the existing foundation：评估既有基础
strengthen an existing foundation：加固既有基础
existing foundation capacity：既有基础承载能力
condition of the existing foundation：既有基础状况
例句
The condition of the existing foundation must be assessed carefully. 必须仔细评估既有基础的状况。
4. temporary support
中文
临时支撑
词形
support：动词，支撑；名词，支撑
temporary：形容词，临时的
常用搭配
temporary support：临时支撑
install temporary supports：设置临时支撑
provide temporary support：提供临时支撑
support the structure temporarily：临时支撑结构
remove temporary supports：拆除临时支撑
例句
Temporary supports may be required during repair work. 修复施工期间可能需要临时支撑。
5. staged construction sequence
中文
分阶段施工顺序；分步施工程序
常用搭配
staged construction sequence：分阶段施工顺序
construction sequence：施工顺序
carry out work in stages：分阶段施工
sequence the repair work：安排修复施工顺序
staged underpinning：分段托换
例句
Engineers may specify a staged construction sequence. 工程师可能会规定分阶段施工顺序。
