Underpinning excavation should be carried out in sequence.
完整：
Underpinning excavation should be carried out in a controlled sequence.
句子2
主干：
Engineers monitor the structure.
加细节：
Engineers monitor the existing structure.
完整：
Engineers monitor the existing structure while foundation loads are being transferred.
⑤ 句子主干训练｜10分钟
先独立完成，不看答案。
练习1
Engineers divide the underpinning work into short sections.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
结果或划分补充：
练习2
Controlled excavation can reduce the risk of sudden foundation movement.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
修饰宾语：
练习3
The stability of the adjacent structure must be maintained throughout construction.
填写：
完整主语：
主语中心词：
修饰主语：
谓语：
时间补充：
主动还是被动：
练习4
Monitoring data allow engineers to identify unexpected movement.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
补充动作：
补充动作的宾语：
练习5：长句
If monitoring data indicate excessive movement, the underpinning work should be stopped until engineers have identified the cause.
填写：
If从句主语：
If从句谓语：
If从句宾语：
主句主语：
主句谓语：
until从句主语：
until从句谓语：
until从句宾语：
主句主干：
整句逻辑：
参考答案
参考答案
1
主语：Engineers
谓语：divide
宾语：the underpinning work
划分补充：into short sections
主干：
Engineers divide the work.
结构：
divide A into B 把A划分为B
2
主语：Controlled excavation
谓语：can reduce
宾语：the risk
修饰宾语：of sudden foundation movement
主干：
Excavation can reduce the risk.
3
完整主语：The stability of the adjacent structure
主语中心词：stability
修饰主语：of the adjacent structure
谓语：must be maintained
时间补充：throughout construction
被动语态
主干：
The stability must be maintained.
4
主语：Monitoring data
谓语：allow
宾语：engineers
补充动作：to identify
补充动作宾语：unexpected movement
结构：
allow somebody to do something
主干：
Data allow engineers to identify movement.
5
If从句：
主语：monitoring data
谓语：indicate
宾语：excessive movement
主句：
主语：the underpinning work
谓语：should be stopped
Until从句：
主语：engineers
谓语：have identified
宾语：the cause
主句主干：
The underpinning work should be stopped.
整句逻辑：
data indicate excessive movement → stop the work → identify the cause → decide whether work can continue
⑥ Grammar｜Unit 13继续
今天继续区分：
现在完成时与一般过去时
情况一：明确过去时间
使用一般过去时：
Engineers installed the temporary supports yesterday.
有明确时间：
yesterday
情况二：强调现在结果
使用现在完成时：
Engineers have installed the temporary supports.
意思是：
临时支撑现在已经安装好了。
情况三：现在完成时不能和明确结束的过去时间连用
错误：
Engineers have installed the supports last week. ❌
正确：
Engineers installed the supports last week. ✅
情况四：施工经历或完成情况
The contractor has completed three underpinning sections.
强调：
已经完成了三段，目前结果是三段完成。
The contractor completed the first section on Monday.
强调：
第一段是在星期一完成的。
今日练习
选择正确形式。
Engineers have installed / installed the monitoring points yesterday.
The contractor has completed / completed four underpinning sections so far.
Movement increased / has increased during excavation last week.
The foundation has remained / remained stable since temporary supports were installed.
Engineers identified / have identified the cause, so the work can now continue.
The team stopped / has stopped the work at 3 p.m. yesterday.
参考答案
参考答案
installed 有明确过去时间 yesterday。
has completed so far 表示截至目前。
increased 有 last week。
has remained 从临时支撑安装后持续稳定到现在。
have identified 强调现在结果：已经查明原因，现在可以继续。
stopped 有明确时间 at 3 p.m. yesterday。
今日口诀
yesterday / last week / in 2025 → 一般过去时 so far / since / 现在有结果 → 现在完成时
⑦ 主动与被动判断｜6分钟
判断并改错。
Engineers divide underpinning work into short sections.
Temporary supports may be installed before excavation.
Foundation movement can monitor during construction.
Engineers may stop the work if movement increases.
The construction sequence should follow carefully.
参考答案
参考答案
正确
正确
Foundation movement can be monitored during construction.
正确
The construction sequence should be followed carefully.
⑧ 今日阅读｜25分钟
Construction Control During Underpinning
Underpinning work is normally carried out in short sections rather than along the full length of a foundation at one time. This staged approach reduces the risk of sudden movement or loss of support.
Before excavation begins, engineers should confirm the location of existing foundations, underground services, adjacent structures, and temporary supports. Unexpected ground conditions may require the construction sequence to be changed.
Excavation, reinforcement installation, concreting, and load transfer should follow the specified sequence. Each section may need to reach sufficient strength before the next section is started.
Monitoring should continue throughout the work. If excessive movement, cracking, or loss of support is detected, construction may need to stop while engineers investigate the cause and review the repair method.
⑨ 段落概括｜8分钟
第一段
托换施工通常分短段进行，以减少突然位移或失去支承的风险。
关键词：
short sections / staged / risk
第二段
开挖前应确认既有基础、地下管线、邻近结构和临时支撑。
关键词：
confirm / services / supports
第三段
开挖、配筋、浇筑和荷载转换应按规定顺序进行。
关键词：
sequence / strength / next section
第四段
施工期间持续监测，发现异常位移或开裂时可能需要停工调查。
关键词：
monitoring / excessive movement / stop
今日目标：
不看文章说出至少2个段意。
⑩ 今日长难句解析
原句：
Each underpinning section may need to reach sufficient strength before excavation begins in the adjacent section.
主语
Each underpinning section
中心词：
section
underpinning 修饰：
section
谓语
may need
不定式补充
to reach sufficient strength
意思：
达到足够强度
结构：
need to do something
before从句
before excavation begins in the adjacent section
主语：excavation
谓语：begins
地点补充：in the adjacent section
最短主干
Each section may need to reach sufficient strength.
自然翻译
在相邻区段开始开挖之前，每个托换区段可能需要先达到足够强度。
工程逻辑
first section gains strength → adjacent section is excavated
这就是分段、跳仓或顺序托换施工的基本控制逻辑。
⑪ 阅读题 Part A
Q1
Why is underpinning work normally carried out in short sections?
Q2
What should engineers confirm before excavation begins?
Q3
What work should follow the specified construction sequence?
Q4
What may happen if excessive movement or cracking is detected?
⑫ Rewrite｜2句
1
原句：
Engineers divide underpinning work into short sections.
提示：
Underpinning work is…
2
原句：
Engineers monitor foundation movement throughout construction.
提示：
Foundation movement is…
参考答案
参考答案
Underpinning work is divided into short sections by engineers.
Foundation movement is monitored by engineers throughout construction.
注意保留：
throughout construction
⑬ Writing｜12分钟
任务一：纠错
Engineers can divide the work into short sections.
Temporary supports should install before excavation.
Monitoring may detect unexpected movement.
The construction sequence should be followed carefully.
Engineers may be stop the work after detecting excessive movement.
参考答案
参考答案
正确
Temporary supports should be installed before excavation.
正确
正确
Engineers may stop the work after detecting excessive movement.
任务二：because
完成：
Engineers carry out underpinning work in short sections because ______.
参考
参考：
Engineers carry out underpinning work in short sections because a staged approach reduces the risk of sudden foundation movement.
任务三：if
合并：
Excessive movement is detected. Construction may need to stop.
参考
参考：
If excessive movement is detected, construction may need to stop.
⑭ Shadowing｜20分钟
Underpinning work is carried out in short sections. Temporary supports are installed before excavation. Each section must reach sufficient strength. Engineers monitor movement throughout construction.
意群
Underpinning work / is carried out / in short sections.
Temporary supports / are installed / before excavation.
Each section / must reach / sufficient strength.
Engineers monitor / movement / throughout construction.
三级复述
1
关键词：
underpinning / sections
主干：
Work is carried out.
完整：
Underpinning work is carried out in short sections.
2
关键词：
supports / installed
主干：
Supports are installed.
完整：
Temporary supports are installed before excavation.
3
关键词：
section / strength
主干：
Each section reaches strength.
完整：
Each section must reach sufficient strength.
4
关键词：
engineers / monitor
主干：
Engineers monitor movement.
完整：
Engineers monitor movement throughout construction.
今日要求：
主干4/4；
完整句至少2/4；
加细节复述至少2句。
⑮ RA｜8分钟
Underpinning work should be carried out in a controlled sequence. Temporary supports may be required before excavation, and each section should reach sufficient strength before work begins in the adjacent section. Movement should be monitored throughout construction.
重点词：
underpinning
controlled
sequence
temporary
excavation
sufficient
adjacent
monitored
默认语速录音一次，不重来。
⑯ RS｜6句
第一句
Underpinning work is divided into sections.
慢速：
常速：
第二句
Temporary supports protect the structure.
慢速：
常速：
第三句
Engineers monitor foundation movement.
慢速：
常速：
第四句
Each section must reach sufficient strength.
慢速：
常速：
第五句
Construction may stop if movement increases.
慢速：
常速：
第六句
Engineers review the repair method.
慢速：
常速：
最短主干
Work is divided.
Supports protect the structure.
Engineers monitor movement.
Sections reach strength.
Construction may stop.
Engineers review the method.
今日目标：
关键词：4/6；
主干：4/6；
基本完整：4/6；
学习后：6/6。
⑰ Speaking｜15分钟
1
关键词：
work / sections
主干
主干：
Underpinning work is divided.
完整
完整：
Underpinning work is divided into short sections.
2
关键词：
supports / excavation
主干
主干：
Supports are installed.
完整
完整：
Temporary supports are installed before excavation.
3
关键词：
section / strength
主干
主干：
Each section reaches strength.
完整
完整：
Each section must reach sufficient strength.
4
关键词：
engineers / monitor
主干
主干：
Engineers monitor movement.
完整
完整：
Engineers monitor foundation movement throughout construction.
今日目标：
主干4/4；
完整句2—3/4。
⑱ 今日工程词汇筛选
今天只主动激活5个语块。
1. staged underpinning
中文
分段托换；分阶段基础托换
工程含义
将托换工程划分为多个较短区段，按照规定顺序逐段施工。
词形
stage：名词，阶段；动词，分阶段实施
staged：形容词，分阶段的
underpin：动词，托换
underpinning：名词，基础托换
常用搭配
staged underpinning：分段托换
staged approach：分阶段方法
carry out work in stages：分阶段施工
short underpinning sections：短托换区段
construction sequence：施工顺序
例句
Staged underpinning reduces the risk of sudden foundation movement. 分段托换可以降低基础突然位移的风险。
2. controlled excavation
中文
受控开挖；有控制的开挖
词形
control：动词，控制；名词，控制
controlled：形容词或过去分词，受控制的
excavate：动词，开挖
excavation：名词，开挖
常用搭配
controlled excavation：受控开挖
underpinning excavation：托换开挖
excavate in short sections：分短段开挖
excavation sequence：开挖顺序
before excavation begins：开挖开始前
例句
Controlled excavation can reduce the risk of sudden movement. 受控开挖可以降低突然位移的风险。
3. adjacent structure
中文
邻近结构；相邻建筑
词形
adjacent：形容词，相邻的
adjacency：名词，相邻关系，现阶段不需要主动记忆
常用搭配
adjacent structure：邻近结构
adjacent building：相邻建筑
adjacent foundation：相邻基础
adjacent section：相邻区段
protect adjacent structures：保护邻近结构
例句
Engineers should assess the effect of excavation on adjacent structures. 工程师应评估开挖对邻近结构的影响。
4. reach sufficient strength
中文
达到足够强度
词形
strong：形容词，强的
strength：名词，强度
strengthen：动词，加固、增强
常用搭配
reach sufficient strength：达到足够强度
gain strength：获得、增长强度
sufficient concrete strength：足够的混凝土强度
required strength：要求的强度
strength before loading：加载前的强度
例句
Each section should reach sufficient strength before the next section is excavated. 每个区段应在下一相邻区段开挖前达到足够强度。
5. throughout construction
中文
在整个施工期间
常用搭配
throughout construction：在整个施工期间
monitor throughout construction：施工全过程监测
during construction：施工期间
throughout the repair work：整个修复施工期间
continuous monitoring：持续监测
例句
Foundation movement should be monitored throughout construction. 基础位移应在整个施工期间进行监测。
