Differential settlement can affect structural performance and serviceability.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
练习5：长句
If foundation settlement continues to increase, engineers may install monitoring equipment to determine whether structural strengthening is required.
填写：
If从句主语：
If从句谓语：
补充动作：
主句主语：
主句谓语：
主句宾语：
目的补充：
whether从句主语：
whether从句谓语：
主句主干：
参考答案
参考答案
1
主语：Engineers
谓语：measure
宾语：foundation settlement
地点：at selected locations
主干：
Engineers measure settlement.
2
主语：Uneven settlement
谓语：may cause
宾语：cracks
位置补充：in walls and structural members
主干：
Settlement may cause cracks.
3
主语：Crack monitoring
谓语：helps
宾语：engineers
补充动作：identify
补充动作的宾语：continuing movement
主干：
Monitoring helps engineers identify movement.
4
主语：Differential settlement
谓语：can affect
宾语：structural performance and serviceability
主干：
Settlement can affect performance.
5
If从句：
主语：foundation settlement
谓语：continues
补充动作：to increase
主句：
主语：engineers
谓语：may install
宾语：monitoring equipment
目的补充：to determine whether structural strengthening is required
whether从句：
主语：structural strengthening
谓语：is required
主句主干：
Engineers may install monitoring equipment.
注意：
continues to increase
这里：
continues：主要谓语
to increase：补充说明“继续做什么”
⑥ Grammar｜Unit 10复习
今天继续比较：
have done have been doing
强调持续
Engineers have been monitoring settlement for six months.
强调完成数量
Engineers have taken twelve measurements.
今日练习
选择正确形式。
Engineers have monitored / have been monitoring settlement since January.
The team has taken / has been taking eight measurements.
Crack width has increased / has been increasing gradually.
Workers have installed / have been installing four monitoring devices.
The engineer has prepared / has been preparing the report for two hours.
参考答案
参考答案
have been monitoring
has taken
两种都可能，今天优先：has been increasing
have installed
has been preparing
判断方法：
for/since + 持续动作 → 常用现在完成进行时；
明确数量或完成结果 → 常用现在完成时。
⑦ 主动/被动判断｜8分钟
判断并改错。
1
Engineers monitor foundation settlement.
2
Foundation settlement can be measured accurately.
3
Monitoring equipment can record movement.
4
Crack width can determine by engineers.
5
Engineers can be identify continuing movement.
参考答案
参考答案
正确
正确
正确
Crack width can be determined by engineers.
Engineers can identify continuing movement.
快速判断：
谁做动作 → 主动 谁承受动作 → 被动
⑧ 今日阅读｜25分钟
Foundation Settlement and Cracking
Foundation settlement occurs when the ground beneath a structure moves or compresses. A small and uniform amount of settlement may not cause serious problems, but uneven or differential settlement can produce cracks, distortion, and changes in structural alignment.
Settlement may result from weak soil, changes in groundwater, additional loading, poor drainage, nearby excavation, or inadequate foundation design. Engineers need to identify the cause before selecting a repair or strengthening method.
Signs of settlement may include diagonal wall cracks, uneven floors, sticking doors or windows, and movement at structural connections. Engineers may install monitoring points and measure settlement, crack width, or structural displacement over time.
Stable settlement may only require continued monitoring. However, increasing settlement may require drainage improvement, foundation strengthening, underpinning, soil treatment, or repair of damaged structural members.
⑨ 段落概括｜8分钟
第一段
均匀小沉降未必危险，但不均匀沉降可能导致开裂和变形。
关键词：
settlement / uneven / cracks
第二段
沉降原因可能包括软弱土、地下水、附加荷载和排水不良。
关键词：
soil / groundwater / loading
第三段
工程师通过裂缝、地面不平和构件位移判断沉降。
关键词：
signs / monitoring / displacement
第四段
稳定沉降可以继续监测，持续增加则可能需要加固或处理地基。
关键词：
stable / increasing / strengthening
今日目标：
不看文章说出至少2个段意。
⑩ 今日长难句解析
原句：
A small and uniform amount of settlement may not cause serious problems, but uneven or differential settlement can produce cracks, distortion, and changes in structural alignment.
第一分句
主语：
A small and uniform amount of settlement
中心词：
amount
谓语：
may not cause
宾语：
serious problems
主干：
Settlement may not cause problems.
转折
but
表示：
但是
第二分句
主语：
uneven or differential settlement
谓语：
can produce
宾语：
cracks, distortion, and changes in structural alignment
三个并列结果：
cracks：裂缝
distortion：变形、扭曲
changes in structural alignment：结构线形或位置变化
意群
A small and uniform amount of settlement / may not cause serious problems, / but uneven or differential settlement / can produce cracks, distortion, / and changes in structural alignment.
自然翻译
少量且均匀的沉降可能不会造成严重问题，但不均匀沉降或差异沉降可能导致裂缝、变形以及结构线形变化。
最短主干
Uniform settlement may be harmless, but differential settlement can cause damage.
⑪ 阅读题 Part A
Q1
What is foundation settlement?
Q2
What may cause foundation settlement?
Q3
What signs may indicate settlement?
Q4
What action may increasing settlement require?
⑫ Rewrite｜2句
1
原句：
Engineers measure settlement at selected locations.
提示：
Settlement is…
2
原句：
Uneven settlement may cause structural cracks.
提示：
Structural cracks may…
参考答案
参考答案
Settlement is measured by engineers at selected locations.
Structural cracks may be caused by uneven settlement.
检查：
原宾语是否放到句首？
情态动词是否保留？
是否加 be？
动词是否变成过去分词？
其他信息是否保留？
⑬ Writing｜12分钟
任务一：纠错
Engineers can monitor foundation settlement.
Settlement can measure through monitoring points.
Uneven settlement may cause structural damage.
Structural cracks may be caused by differential settlement.
Engineers can be identify the cause through investigation.
答案
正确：
正确
Settlement can be measured through monitoring points.
正确
正确
Engineers can identify the cause through investigation.
任务二：because
完成：
Engineers monitor foundation settlement because ______.
参考
参考：
Engineers monitor foundation settlement because increasing settlement may indicate a developing structural problem.
任务三：if
合并：
Settlement continues to increase. Engineers may strengthen the foundation.
参考
参考：
If settlement continues to increase, engineers may strengthen the foundation.
⑭ Shadowing｜20分钟
今天必须恢复，但不要求整段无稿。
Foundation settlement may occur for several reasons. Uneven settlement can cause cracks and deformation. Engineers measure settlement at selected locations. Increasing settlement may require foundation strengthening.
意群
Foundation settlement / may occur / for several reasons.
Uneven settlement / can cause / cracks and deformation.
Engineers measure / settlement / at selected locations.
Increasing settlement / may require / foundation strengthening.
三级复述
关键词1
settlement / cracks
主干：
Settlement causes cracks.
加细节：
Uneven settlement can cause cracks and deformation.
关键词2
engineers / measure / settlement
主干：
Engineers measure settlement.
加细节：
Engineers measure settlement at selected locations.
今天最低要求：
关键词复述：完成
主干复述：完成
加细节复述：至少1句
⑮ RA｜8分钟
Foundation settlement may result from weak soil, changes in groundwater, additional loading, or poor drainage. Uneven settlement can cause cracks and structural deformation. Engineers monitor settlement over time and may strengthen the foundation if movement continues to increase.
重点词：
foundation
settlement
groundwater
additional
drainage
deformation
monitor
strengthen
要求：
默认语速录音一次，不重来。
⑯ RS｜6句
第一句
Engineers monitor foundation settlement.
慢速：
常速：
第二句
Uneven settlement may cause structural cracks.
慢速：
常速：
第三句
Monitoring points record gradual movement.
慢速：
常速：
第四句
Engineers measure crack width regularly.
慢速：
常速：
第五句
Increasing settlement requires further investigation.
慢速：
常速：
第六句
Foundation strengthening may reduce future movement.
慢速：
常速：
最短主干
Engineers monitor settlement.
Settlement causes cracks.
Points record movement.
Engineers measure width.
Settlement requires investigation.
Strengthening reduces movement.
今日目标：
关键词：4/6
主干：4/6
基本完整：3—4/6
学习后：5—6/6
⑰ Speaking｜15分钟
今天仍然先看关键词，不给完整中文句。
1
settlement / causes
目标
目标：
Foundation settlement may result from changes in soil conditions.
2
uneven settlement / cracks
目标
目标：
Uneven settlement can cause cracks and structural deformation.
3
engineers / monitor
目标
目标：
Engineers monitor settlement and crack width over time.
4
increasing settlement / strengthening
目标
目标：
Increasing settlement may require foundation strengthening.
今日要求：
主干4/4；
完整句至少2/4；
不追求4/4完整。
⑱ 今日工程词汇筛选
今天只激活5个语块。
1. foundation settlement
中文
基础沉降
工程含义
基础下方土体压缩或移动，使基础产生竖向位移。
母语者画面感
建筑物下方的土被压密，基础整体缓慢下沉。
常用搭配
foundation settlement：基础沉降
monitor settlement：监测沉降
settlement measurement：沉降测量
excessive settlement：过大沉降
settlement problem：沉降问题
例句
Engineers monitor foundation settlement over time. 工程师持续监测基础沉降。
2. differential settlement
中文
差异沉降；不均匀沉降
工程含义
建筑不同位置的基础沉降量不同，导致结构发生变形或开裂。
母语者画面感
建筑一侧比另一侧下沉得更多，墙体因此出现斜裂缝。
常用搭配
differential settlement：差异沉降
uneven settlement：不均匀沉降
cause differential settlement：引起差异沉降
differential movement：差异位移
settlement difference：沉降差
例句
Differential settlement may cause diagonal wall cracks. 差异沉降可能导致墙体斜裂缝。
3. diagonal wall crack
中文
墙体斜裂缝
工程含义
常见于基础差异沉降、门窗洞口应力集中等情况的斜向裂缝。
母语者画面感
裂缝从窗角或门角斜着向上或向下延伸。
常用搭配
diagonal wall crack：墙体斜裂缝
visible wall crack：可见墙体裂缝
crack pattern：裂缝形态
measure crack width：测量裂缝宽度
monitor crack development：监测裂缝发展
例句
Diagonal wall cracks may indicate differential settlement. 墙体斜裂缝可能表明存在差异沉降。
4. foundation strengthening
中文
基础加固
工程含义
通过扩大基础、增设桩、托换或改善地基等方法提高基础承载能力和稳定性。
母语者画面感
在原基础下方或周围增加新的承重路径，阻止建筑继续下沉。
常用搭配
foundation strengthening：基础加固
strengthen the foundation：加固基础
foundation repair：基础维修
underpin the foundation：托换基础
strengthening method：加固方法
例句
Increasing settlement may require foundation strengthening. 持续增大的沉降可能需要进行基础加固。
5. poor drainage
中文
排水不良
工程含义
地表水或地下水无法及时排走，导致土体软化、冲刷或含水量变化。
母语者画面感
雨水长期积聚在基础周围，使土体变软并产生额外沉降。
常用搭配
poor drainage：排水不良
improve drainage：改善排水
drainage system：排水系统
inadequate drainage：排水不足
drainage improvement：排水改善
例句
Poor drainage may contribute to foundation settlement. 排水不良可能导致基础沉降。
