Excessive foundation pressure may cause settlement.
④ 精听｜12分钟
句子1
第一句
The soil must have sufficient strength to support the foundation load.
慢速：
常速：
句子2
第二句
Excessive pressure may cause settlement beneath the foundation.
慢速：
常速：
第一遍：默认语速
只抓关键词。
句子1
soil / strength / support / load
句子2
pressure / settlement / foundation
第二遍：-15%
重点听：
must have
sufficient strength
to support
foundation load
excessive pressure
beneath the foundation
第三遍：默认语速
句子1
主干：
Soil supports load.
升级：
The soil must support the foundation load.
完整：
The soil must have sufficient strength to support the foundation load.
句子2
主干：
Pressure causes settlement.
升级：
Excessive pressure may cause settlement.
完整：
Excessive pressure may cause settlement beneath the foundation.
⑤ 句子主干训练｜10分钟
先自己完成，不看参考答案。
练习1
Engineers assess soil conditions before designing foundations.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
时间补充：
练习2
Weak soil may have insufficient bearing capacity.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语或表语：
练习3
The load from the building is transferred to the supporting soil.
填写：
完整主语：
主语中心词：
修饰主语：
谓语：
地点或方向补充：
句子是主动还是被动：
练习4
A larger foundation can reduce pressure on the soil.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
修饰宾语的部分：
练习5：长句
If the applied pressure exceeds the bearing capacity of the soil, excessive settlement or bearing failure may occur.
填写：
If从句主语：
If从句谓语：
If从句宾语：
of the soil修饰：
主句主语：
主句谓语：
主句主干：
整句逻辑：
参考答案
参考答案
1
主语：Engineers
谓语：assess
宾语：soil conditions
时间补充：before designing foundations
主干：
Engineers assess conditions.
2
主语：Weak soil
谓语：may have
宾语：insufficient bearing capacity
主干：
Soil may have insufficient capacity.
这里 have 不是系动词，因此后面是宾语。
3
完整主语：The load from the building
主语中心词：load
修饰主语：from the building
谓语：is transferred
地点或方向补充：to the supporting soil
被动语态
主干：
The load is transferred.
4
主语：A larger foundation
谓语：can reduce
宾语：pressure
修饰宾语：on the soil
主干：
A foundation can reduce pressure.
5
If从句：
主语：the applied pressure
谓语：exceeds
宾语：the bearing capacity of the soil
of the soil 修饰 bearing capacity
主句：
主语：excessive settlement or bearing failure
谓语：may occur
主干：
Settlement or failure may occur.
逻辑：
applied pressure > bearing capacity → settlement or bearing failure
⑥ Grammar｜Unit 12
今天学习：
for / since / when
for：一段时间
for two years：两年
for six months：六个月
for a long time：很长时间
例句：
Engineers have monitored the settlement for six months.
since：起始时间点
since January：自一月以来
since 2024：自2024年以来
since the repair：自维修以后
例句：
Engineers have monitored the settlement since January.
when：询问已经结束的过去时间
When did the inspection begin?
不能说：
When has the inspection begun? ❌
对比
How long have engineers been monitoring the foundation? 工程师持续监测基础多久了？
When did engineers begin monitoring the foundation? 工程师什么时候开始监测基础的？
今日练习
选择 for / since / when 或正确动词形式。
Engineers have monitored the foundation ___ six months.
Settlement has increased ___ the groundwater level changed.
How long have they been inspecting the site?
___ did the inspection begin?
The building has been in service ___ 2018.
Engineers have known about the problem ___ a long time.
参考答案
参考答案
for
since
正确
When
since
for
今日核心规则
时间段 → for 起点 → since 过去什么时候开始 → when + 一般过去时
⑦ 主动与被动判断｜6分钟
判断并改错。
Engineers assess soil conditions.
Foundation loads are transferred to the soil.
Bearing capacity can determine through testing.
Weak soil may cause excessive settlement.
Engineers may be increase foundation size.
参考答案
参考答案
正确
正确
Bearing capacity can be determined through testing.
正确
Engineers may increase foundation size.
⑧ 今日阅读｜25分钟
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Shallow foundations transfer building loads to the soil close to the ground surface. The supporting soil must have sufficient strength to carry these loads without excessive settlement or bearing failure.
Bearing capacity depends on several factors, including soil type, soil density, groundwater conditions, foundation size, and foundation depth. Loose or weak soil generally provides less resistance than dense or strong soil.
Engineers may investigate soil conditions through boreholes, field testing, laboratory testing, and a review of nearby ground information. The investigation helps engineers select suitable design parameters.
If the calculated foundation pressure is too high, engineers may increase the foundation area, improve the soil, reduce the applied load, or use a deeper foundation system. The selected solution should provide adequate safety and acceptable settlement.
⑨ 段落概括｜8分钟
第一段
浅基础把建筑荷载传给近地表土体，土体必须有足够承载能力。
关键词：
foundation / transfer / soil
第二段
地基承载力受到土质、密实度、地下水和基础尺寸等因素影响。
关键词：
capacity / factors / conditions
第三段
工程师通过勘探、现场试验和室内试验调查土体情况。
关键词：
investigate / testing / parameters
第四段
基底压力过高时，可以扩大基础、加固土体或改用深基础。
关键词：
pressure / increase area / deeper foundation
今日目标：
不看文章说出至少2个段意。
⑩ 今日长难句解析
原句：
The supporting soil must have sufficient strength to carry the applied loads without causing excessive settlement or bearing failure.
主语
The supporting soil
中心词：
soil
supporting 表示：
承担基础荷载的；作为支承的
谓语
must have
宾语
sufficient strength
不定式补充
to carry the applied loads
说明这种强度用来做什么：
承受所施加的荷载
without doing
without causing excessive settlement or bearing failure
表示：
而不导致过度沉降或地基承载破坏
意群
The supporting soil / must have sufficient strength / to carry the applied loads / without causing excessive settlement or bearing failure.
最短主干
Soil must have strength.
自然翻译
支承土体必须具有足够的强度，以承受所施加的荷载，同时不产生过度沉降或地基承载破坏。
⑪ 阅读题 Part A
Q1
What do shallow foundations transfer to the soil?
Q2
What factors may affect bearing capacity?
Q3
How may engineers investigate soil conditions?
Q4
What may engineers do if foundation pressure is too high?
答题前先判断：
What：回答内容
What factors：列因素
How：列调查方式
What may engineers do：列措施
⑫ Rewrite｜2句
1
原句：
Engineers investigate soil conditions through field testing.
提示：
Soil conditions are…
2
原句：
A larger foundation can reduce pressure on the soil.
提示：
Pressure on the soil can…
参考答案
参考答案
Soil conditions are investigated by engineers through field testing.
Pressure on the soil can be reduced by using a larger foundation.
也可以写：
Pressure on the soil can be reduced through an increase in foundation size.
⑬ Writing｜12分钟
任务一：纠错
Shallow foundations transfer loads to the soil.
Soil conditions can investigate through field testing.
Weak soil may cause excessive settlement.
Foundation pressure can be reduced by increasing the foundation area.
Engineers may be use a deeper foundation.
参考答案
正确答案：
正确
Soil conditions can be investigated through field testing.
正确
正确
Engineers may use a deeper foundation.
任务二：because
完成：
Engineers investigate soil conditions because ______.
参考
参考：
Engineers investigate soil conditions because weak soil may have insufficient bearing capacity.
任务三：if
合并：
Foundation pressure is too high. Engineers may increase the foundation area.
参考
参考：
If foundation pressure is too high, engineers may increase the foundation area.
⑭ Shadowing｜20分钟
Shallow foundations transfer building loads to the soil. The soil must have sufficient bearing capacity. Weak soil may cause excessive settlement. Engineers investigate soil conditions before foundation design.
意群
Shallow foundations / transfer building loads / to the soil.
The soil / must have / sufficient bearing capacity.
Weak soil / may cause / excessive settlement.
Engineers investigate / soil conditions / before foundation design.
三级复述
1
关键词：
foundations / loads / soil
主干：
Foundations transfer loads.
完整：
Shallow foundations transfer building loads to the soil.
2
关键词：
soil / capacity
主干：
Soil has capacity.
完整：
The soil must have sufficient bearing capacity.
3
关键词：
weak soil / settlement
主干：
Soil causes settlement.
完整：
Weak soil may cause excessive settlement.
4
关键词：
engineers / investigate / conditions
主干：
Engineers investigate conditions.
完整：
Engineers investigate soil conditions before foundation design.
今天必须做到：
关键词4句；
主干4句；
加细节至少2句。
⑮ RA｜8分钟
Shallow foundations transfer building loads to the supporting soil. The soil must have sufficient bearing capacity to prevent excessive settlement or failure. Engineers investigate ground conditions and select suitable foundation dimensions.
重点词：
shallow
foundation
supporting
sufficient
bearing capacity
excessive
dimensions
默认语速录音一次，不重来。
⑯ RS｜6句
第一句
Foundations transfer loads to the soil.
慢速：
常速：
第二句
Soil strength affects foundation performance.
慢速：
常速：
第三句
Weak soil may cause settlement.
慢速：
常速：
第四句
Engineers investigate ground conditions.
慢速：
常速：
第五句
Larger foundations reduce soil pressure.
慢速：
常速：
第六句
Bearing capacity can be determined through testing.
慢速：
常速：
最短主干
Foundations transfer loads.
Strength affects performance.
Soil causes settlement.
Engineers investigate conditions.
Foundations reduce pressure.
Testing determines capacity.
今日目标：
关键词：4/6
主干：4/6
基本完整：4/6
学习后：6/6
⑰ Speaking｜15分钟
1
关键词：
foundations / loads / soil
主干
主干：
Foundations transfer loads.
完整
完整：
Shallow foundations transfer building loads to the soil.
2
关键词：
soil / capacity
主干
主干：
Soil has bearing capacity.
完整
完整：
The supporting soil must have sufficient bearing capacity.
3
关键词：
weak soil / settlement
主干
主干：
Weak soil causes settlement.
完整
完整：
Weak soil may cause excessive foundation settlement.
4
关键词：
engineers / investigate
主干
主干：
Engineers investigate soil conditions.
完整
完整：
Engineers investigate soil conditions before designing foundations.
今日目标：
主干4/4；
完整句至少2/4。
⑱ 今日工程词汇筛选
今天只激活5个语块。
1. bearing capacity
中文
地基承载力；承载能力
工程含义
土体或基础承受荷载而不发生承载破坏或不可接受沉降的能力。
常用搭配
bearing capacity：承载力
soil bearing capacity：地基土承载力
sufficient bearing capacity：足够的承载力
determine bearing capacity：确定承载力
bearing-capacity failure：地基承载破坏
词形
bear：动词原形，承受、支承 bearing：在该语块中作修饰语，表示“承载的”
例句
The soil must have sufficient bearing capacity. 地基土必须具有足够的承载力。
2. foundation pressure
中文
基底压力；基础压力
工程含义
基础传递到地基土上的单位面积压力。
常用搭配
foundation pressure：基底压力
calculated foundation pressure：计算基底压力
reduce foundation pressure：降低基底压力
excessive foundation pressure：过大的基底压力
pressure beneath the foundation：基础底部压力
例句
A larger foundation can reduce foundation pressure. 扩大基础可以降低基底压力。
3. excessive settlement
中文
过度沉降；过大沉降
常用搭配
excessive settlement：过度沉降
prevent excessive settlement：防止过度沉降
cause settlement：导致沉降
foundation settlement：基础沉降
acceptable settlement：可接受沉降
词形
settle：动词原形，沉降、下沉 settlement：名词，沉降
例句
Weak soil may cause excessive settlement. 软弱土可能导致过度沉降。
4. supporting soil
中文
支承土体；持力土层
工程含义
直接承受基础传递荷载的土体。
常用搭配
supporting soil：支承土体
supporting ground：支承地基
soil beneath the foundation：基础下方土体
transfer loads to the soil：将荷载传给土体
soil strength：土体强度
词形
support：动词原形，支承、支持 supporting：在这里修饰 soil
例句
Foundation loads are transferred to the supporting soil. 基础荷载被传递到支承土体。
5. investigate soil conditions
中文
调查土体条件；勘察地质条件
工程含义
通过钻孔、现场试验和室内试验了解土层、强度、地下水等情况。
常用搭配
investigate soil conditions：调查土体条件
ground investigation：岩土勘察
field testing：现场试验
laboratory testing：室内试验
review ground information：审查地质资料
例句
Engineers investigate soil conditions before foundation design. 工程师在基础设计前调查土体条件。
