Beams carry loads from slabs and transfer them to columns or walls.
第二句
Each structural member must have enough strength and stiffness to perform its function safely.
第一轮：单句听写
每句听1遍，先写听到的内容。
第二轮：再听并补充
最多再听2遍，找出漏词。
第三轮：最低复述
不要求完整：
Beams carry loads to columns. Structural members need enough strength and stiffness.
记录：
听到的关键词
漏听词
是否能说出主干
⑤ 句子主干训练｜10分钟
这是今天新增的固定模块。
判断顺序：
谁或什么？
做什么？
对谁或什么做？
哪些词只是补充信息？
练习1
Beams transfer loads to columns.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
补充信息：
练习2
Strong columns support the floors above them.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
修饰词：
练习3
Structural walls resist lateral forces during strong winds.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
补充信息：
练习4
Each structural member must perform a specific function within the load path.
填写：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
补充信息：
练习5：长句
A beam that carries heavy floor loads may require a larger section to control stress and deflection.
先不要翻译，先找主干：
主语：
谓语：
宾语：
修饰 beam 的部分：
表示目的的部分：
完成后再对答案。
参考答案
参考答案
1
主语：Beams
谓语：transfer
宾语：loads
补充：to columns
主干：
Beams transfer loads.
2
主语：Strong columns
谓语：support
宾语：the floors
补充：above them
主干：
Columns support floors.
3
主语：Structural walls
谓语：resist
宾语：lateral forces
补充：during strong winds
主干：
Walls resist forces.
4
主语：Each structural member
谓语：must perform
宾语：a specific function
补充：within the load path
主干：
Each member must perform a function.
5
主语：A beam
谓语：may require
宾语：a larger section
定语从句：that carries heavy floor loads
目的：to control stress and deflection
主干：
A beam may require a larger section.
⑥ Grammar｜补完 Unit 7
今天不进入 Unit 8。
先补完：
Present perfect 1: I have done
核心结构：
have / has + 过去分词
对比
一般过去时
The engineer checked the drawing yesterday.
有明确过去时间：
yesterday
现在完成时
The engineer has checked the drawing.
强调现在的结果：
图纸现在已经检查完了。
今日必须掌握4种结构
肯定
The engineer has checked the calculation.
否定
The engineer has not checked the calculation.
疑问
Has the engineer checked the calculation?
简短回答
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
just / already / yet
just
The engineer has just finished the design.
already
The client has already approved the drawing.
yet
Has the drawing been issued yet?
The drawing has not been issued yet.
今日造句
我刚完成今天的复习。
工程师已经检查了图纸。
施工图还没有签发。
你检查节点了吗？
参考
参考：
I have just finished today’s review.
The engineer has already checked the drawing.
The construction drawing has not been issued yet.
Have you checked the connection yet?
⑦ 今日阅读｜25分钟
How Structural Members Carry Loads
Every structural member has a specific role in carrying and transferring loads. Slabs support people, furniture, equipment, and other loads placed on floors. They distribute these loads to beams, walls, or columns.
Beams usually carry loads from slabs and transfer them to columns or structural walls. Because beams are often subjected to bending and shear, they need sufficient strength and stiffness. A beam that is too flexible may experience excessive deflection even if it does not fail.
Columns mainly carry vertical loads from beams and floors. These loads are transferred down through the columns to the foundations. Columns must be designed carefully because a failure in one column may affect a large part of the structure.
Structural walls and bracing systems help buildings resist lateral forces caused by wind or earthquakes. Together, slabs, beams, columns, walls, connections, and foundations form a complete load path that transfers forces safely to the ground.
⑧ 段落概括｜8分钟
第一段
段意：
楼板承受楼面荷载，并把荷载分配给梁、墙或柱。
关键词：
slabs / distribute loads
第二段
段意：
梁承受板传来的荷载，并需要足够的强度和刚度。
关键词：
beams / bending / stiffness
第三段
段意：
柱把竖向荷载传给基础，柱失效可能影响较大范围。
关键词：
columns / vertical loads / failure
第四段
段意：
墙和支撑抵抗水平力，各类构件共同形成完整荷载路径。
关键词：
lateral forces / complete load path
今日目标：
不看原文说出至少2个段意。
⑨ 今日长难句解析
原句：
A beam that is too flexible may experience excessive deflection even if it does not fail.
第一步：找主干
主语：
A beam
谓语：
may experience
宾语：
excessive deflection
主干：
A beam may experience excessive deflection.
中文：
梁可能产生过大挠度。
第二步：修饰主语的部分
that is too flexible
这是修饰 a beam 的定语从句。
意思：
刚度太小、过于柔的梁
所以：
A beam that is too flexible 一根刚度过小的梁
第三步：让步部分
even if it does not fail
意思：
即使它没有发生破坏
it 指：
the beam
意群切分
A beam / that is too flexible / may experience excessive deflection / even if it does not fail.
自然翻译
刚度过小的梁即使没有发生破坏，也可能产生过大挠度。
工程含义
这句话在区分：
strength：是否发生承载力破坏
stiffness：变形是否过大
所以：
不破坏，不等于满足正常使用要求。
简化句
The beam may not fail. However, it may deflect too much.
仿写
A connection that is too flexible may cause excessive movement even if it has enough strength.
中文：
即使节点有足够的强度，刚度过小也可能导致过大位移。
⑩ 阅读题 Part A
Q1
What loads do slabs support?
Q2
Why do beams need sufficient strength and stiffness?
Q3
Why must columns be designed carefully?
Q4
What helps buildings resist lateral forces?
⑪ Rewrite｜2句
1
原句：
Slabs distribute loads to beams, walls, or columns.
提示：
Loads from slabs are…
2
原句：
A failure in one column may affect a large part of the structure.
提示：
If one column fails…
⑫ Writing｜12分钟
任务一：纠错
改正：
Slabs supports loads from people and furniture.
Beams transfers loads to columns.
Columns must designed carefully.
A flexible beam may experiences excessive deflection.
参考答案
正确答案稍后再看：
Slabs support loads from people and furniture.
Beams transfer loads to columns.
Columns must be designed carefully.
A flexible beam may experience excessive deflection.
任务二：because扩展
完成：
Beams need sufficient stiffness because ______.
参考
参考：
Beams need sufficient stiffness because excessive deflection may affect serviceability.
任务三：even if
合并：
A beam may not fail. It may experience excessive deflection.
参考
参考：
A beam may experience excessive deflection even if it does not fail.
⑬ Shadowing｜20分钟
练习：
Slabs support loads placed on floors.
They distribute these loads to beams, walls, or columns.
Beams carry loads from slabs and transfer them to vertical structural members.
Each member must perform its function safely within the complete load path.
意群
Slabs support / loads placed on floors.
They distribute these loads / to beams, walls, or columns.
Beams carry loads from slabs / and transfer them / to vertical structural members.
Each member must perform its function safely / within the complete load path.
最低复述
Slabs distribute loads to beams and columns. Beams transfer loads to vertical members.
⑭ RA｜8分钟
Structural members work together to carry and transfer loads. Slabs distribute floor loads to beams, while beams transfer them to columns or walls. Each member needs sufficient strength and stiffness to perform its function safely.
重点：
structural members
distribute
sufficient
stiffness
function
⑮ RS｜调整后的训练方式
今天仍然6句，但分两套成绩。
句子
第一句
Slabs distribute floor loads to beams.
第二句
Beams transfer loads to columns.
第三句
Columns carry loads to foundations.
第四句
Structural walls resist lateral forces.
第五句
Each member performs a specific function.
第六句
Flexible beams may experience excessive deflection.
第一轮：单遍测试
每句只听1遍。
记录：
抓到关键词
说出主干
基本完整
即使只说：
beams / transfer / columns
也要立即开口。
第二轮：学习模式
每句最多再听2遍。
流程：
看文本理解；
划分声音块；
跟读；
关掉文本复述。
意群示例：
Flexible beams / may experience / excessive deflection.
Structural members work together to carry loads safely. Slabs distribute floor loads to beams, walls, or columns. Beams transfer loads to vertical structural members, and columns carry them down to the foundations. Each member needs enough strength and stiffness to perform its function.
Structural members carry loads together. Slabs distribute loads to beams and columns. Columns carry loads to foundations. Each member needs enough strength and stiffness.
⑰ 工程英语
1. load-bearing member
中文：承重构件
专业含义： 直接承担并传递结构荷载的构件。
搭配：
primary load-bearing member 主要承重构件
vertical load-bearing member 竖向承重构件
例句：
Columns are important vertical load-bearing members. 柱是重要的竖向承重构件。
2. distribute loads
中文：分配荷载
专业含义： 将集中或面荷载分配到其他构件。
搭配：
distribute floor loads
distribute loads evenly
load distribution
例句：
Slabs distribute floor loads to supporting beams. 楼板将楼面荷载分配给支承梁。
3. deflection
中文：挠度
专业含义： 构件在荷载作用下产生的位移，常指梁板的竖向变形。
搭配：
excessive deflection 过大挠度
allowable deflection 容许挠度
deflection limit 挠度限值
例句：
Insufficient stiffness may cause excessive deflection. 刚度不足可能导致过大挠度。
4. serviceability
中文：正常使用性能
专业含义： 结构在正常使用状态下对变形、裂缝、振动和舒适度等要求的满足程度。
搭配：
serviceability limit state 正常使用极限状态
serviceability requirement 正常使用要求
例句：
Excessive deflection may affect structural serviceability. 过大挠度可能影响结构的正常使用性能。
5. lateral force
中文：水平力 / 侧向力
搭配：
resist lateral forces
lateral load-resisting system
wind-induced lateral force
例句：
Structural walls help buildings resist lateral forces. 结构墙帮助建筑抵抗侧向力。
⑱ 今日重点激活5词
distribute
load-bearing member
deflection
serviceability
lateral force
读熟：
Slabs distribute loads to beams.
Columns are vertical load-bearing members.
A flexible beam may experience excessive deflection.
Excessive deflection may affect serviceability.
Structural walls resist lateral forces.
Day 16 最低完成版
时间不够时，至少完成：
旧句提取5句；
找句子主干5题；
补完 Grammar Unit 7；
阅读并记住2个段意；
长难句解析；
RS单遍测试6句；
Speaking中文提示说4句。
今天最核心的问题
一般过去式和过去分词混淆
经常写成：
has went have saw has came have did
这些都是：
have/has + 一般过去式
但现在完成时必须是：
have/has + 过去分词
把今天的错词整理成这张表：
原形
过去式
过去分词
go
went
gone
see
saw
seen
do
did
done
come
came
come
break
broke
broken
grow
grew
grown
forget
forgot
forgotten
shrink
shrank
shrunk
lose
lost
lost
今天最需要背的不是整课语法，而是这9组变化。
just、already、yet 的位置
just：刚刚
通常放在：
have/has 和过去分词之间
I have just finished.
already：已经
也通常放在：
have/has 和过去分词之间
She has already gone.
yet：还、已经
通常放在疑问句或否定句的末尾：
Have you finished yet?
I haven’t finished yet.
工程英语例句
just
The engineer has just finished the calculation. 工程师刚刚完成计算。
already
The client has already approved the drawing. 客户已经批准了图纸。
yet
The construction drawing has not been issued yet. 施工图还没有签发。
Have you checked the connection yet? 你检查节点了吗？
今天必须重做的8题
先不看答案，重新填写：
Lisa ______ her leg. (break)
The bus fare ______. (go up)
Dan ______ a beard. (grow)
Have you ______ my bag? (see)
I have ______ my password. (forget)
He has already ______. (go)
I have already ______ it. (do)
She has just ______ back. (come)
答案
答案：
has broken
has gone up
has grown
seen
forgotten
gone
done
come
一句话记住 Unit 7
现在完成时不是“have/has + 过去式”，而是“have/has + 过去分词”。
今天最需要掌握的4个语法点
1. 被动语态
be + 过去分词
✅ are distributed ✅ must be designed ❌ are distribute ❌ must designed
2. 情态动词后用原形
✅ may experience ✅ can cause ✅ should check ✅ must resist
❌ may experiences ❌ should checks
3. if 从句后面还需要完整主句
❌ If one column fails may affect…
✅ If one column fails, it may affect…
4. even if 的逻辑顺序
主要结果 + even if + 即使条件
✅ A beam may experience excessive deflection even if it does not fail
